Titre du document / Document title
Emotional responsivity in children with autism, children with other developmental disabilities, and children with typical development
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
SCAMBLER D. J. (1) ; HEPBURN S. (2) ; RUTHERFORD M. D. (3) ; WEHNER E. A. (2) ; ROGERS S. J. (4) ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
(1) Oklahoma State University, 215 N Murray, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, ETATS-UNIS
(2) University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, ETATS-UNIS
(3) McMasters University, Hamilton, CANADA
(4) The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, ETATS-UNIS
Résumé / Abstract
Twenty six children with autism, 24 children with developmental disabilities, and 15 typically developing children participated in tasks in which an adult displayed emotions. Child focus of attention, change in facial tone (i.e., hedonic tone), and latency to changes in tone were measured and summary scores of emotional contagion were created. Group differences existed in the ratio of episodes that resulted in emotional contagion. Correlations existed between measures of emotional contagion, measures of joint attention, and indices of severity of autism. Children with autism demonstrated muted changes in affect, but these responses occurred much less frequently than in comparison groups. The findings suggest directions for early identification and early treatment of autism.
Revue / Journal Title
Journal of autism and developmental disorders ISSN 0162-3257 CODEN JADDDQ
Source / Source
2007, vol. 37, no3, pp. 553-563 [11 page(s) (article)] (3/4 p.)
Langue / Language
Anglais
Editeur / Publisher
Springer, Heidelberg, ALLEMAGNE (1979) (Revue)
Mots-clés anglais / English Keywords
Cognition ; Social interaction ; Affect affectivity ; Human ; Preschool age ; Child ; Symptomatology ; Severity score ; Adult child relation ; Joint attention ; Empathy ; Experimental study ; Developmental disorder ; Autism ; Emotion emotionality ;
Mots-clés français / French Keywords
Cognition ; Interaction sociale ; Affect affectivité ; Homme ; Contagion émotionnelle ; Age préscolaire ; Enfant ; Symptomatologie ; Indice gravité ; Relation adulte enfant ; Attention conjointe ; Empathie ; Etude expérimentale ; Trouble développement ; Autisme ; Emotion émotivité ;
Mots-clés espagnols / Spanish Keywords
Cognición ; Interacción social ; Afecto afectividad ; Hombre ; Edad preescolar ; Niño ; Sintomatología ; Indicio gravedad ; Relacíon adulto niño ; Atención conjunta ; Empatía ; Estudio experimental ; Trastorno desarrollo ; Autismo ; Emoción emotividad ;
Mots-clés d'auteur / Author Keywords
Young children with autism ; Developmental disabilities, Empathy, Emotional responsiveness ;
Localisation / Location
INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : 15018, 35400014559208.0140
Jumat, 25 April 2008
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health Recognizes Public Health Laboratory Professionals Hartford – The Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) is recognizing the important contributions of Public Health Laboratory professionals during National Medical Laboratory Professionals Week, April 20-26, 2008.
“Connecticut is fortunate to have a public health laboratory with outstanding professionals who make tremendous contributions to public health every day,” stated DPH Commissioner J. Robert Galvin, MD, MPH, MBA. “Public Health Laboratory professionals have the skills to use state-of-the-art technology and instruments to unlock health information that is pivotal to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. They are critical to our public health operations,” Dr. Galvin stated.
The DPH Public Health Laboratory has supported communities within the state by providing environmental and clinical analytical services since 1917.
The laboratory is comprised of the following services:
* Biological Science Services - provides testing for bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents of diseases; serves as a reference center for microbiological aspects of infectious diseases; screens for over 40 genetic diseases in newborns. * Environmental Chemistry Services - evaluates toxic inorganic/organic chemicals in the air, river and lake waters, wastewater, drinking water, fish and shellfish, landfills, industrial waste, spills, consumer products, and soils; a certified chemistry laboratory is maintained for drinking water.
National Medical Laboratory Professionals Week (NMLPW) is a time of recognition for more than 280,000 public health and medical laboratory professionals and pathologists who play a vital role in saving lives and keeping people healthy. NMLPW began in 1975 under the auspices of the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (then the American Society for Medical Technology).
NMLPW is an opportunity for public health and medical laboratory personnel to celebrate their professionalism and be recognized for their efforts. Often, they use this time to host scientific presentations and to inform and educate colleagues and the public about their laboratory. Since laboratorians often work behind the scenes, few people know much about the critical testing they perform every day. NMLPW is co-sponsored by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and other associations.
The Connecticut Department of Public Health is the state’s leader in public health policy and advocacy with a mission to protect and promote the health and safety of the people of our state. To contact the department, please visit its website at www.ct.gov/dph or call (860) 509-7270.
“Connecticut is fortunate to have a public health laboratory with outstanding professionals who make tremendous contributions to public health every day,” stated DPH Commissioner J. Robert Galvin, MD, MPH, MBA. “Public Health Laboratory professionals have the skills to use state-of-the-art technology and instruments to unlock health information that is pivotal to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. They are critical to our public health operations,” Dr. Galvin stated.
The DPH Public Health Laboratory has supported communities within the state by providing environmental and clinical analytical services since 1917.
The laboratory is comprised of the following services:
* Biological Science Services - provides testing for bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents of diseases; serves as a reference center for microbiological aspects of infectious diseases; screens for over 40 genetic diseases in newborns. * Environmental Chemistry Services - evaluates toxic inorganic/organic chemicals in the air, river and lake waters, wastewater, drinking water, fish and shellfish, landfills, industrial waste, spills, consumer products, and soils; a certified chemistry laboratory is maintained for drinking water.
National Medical Laboratory Professionals Week (NMLPW) is a time of recognition for more than 280,000 public health and medical laboratory professionals and pathologists who play a vital role in saving lives and keeping people healthy. NMLPW began in 1975 under the auspices of the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (then the American Society for Medical Technology).
NMLPW is an opportunity for public health and medical laboratory personnel to celebrate their professionalism and be recognized for their efforts. Often, they use this time to host scientific presentations and to inform and educate colleagues and the public about their laboratory. Since laboratorians often work behind the scenes, few people know much about the critical testing they perform every day. NMLPW is co-sponsored by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and other associations.
The Connecticut Department of Public Health is the state’s leader in public health policy and advocacy with a mission to protect and promote the health and safety of the people of our state. To contact the department, please visit its website at www.ct.gov/dph or call (860) 509-7270.
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Neglected Tropical Diseases, Malaria and HIV/AIDS
An increasing body of evidence indicates that co-infection with the NTDs adversely affects the natural history and progression of malaria and HIV/AIDS (reviewed by Hotez et al, 2006b).
NTDs and Malaria
Several studies (reviewed by Druilhe et al, 2005) point to the increasing severity of clinical malaria that result from helminth coinfection. These studies include findings from Senegal showing enhanced risk or increased incidence of clinical falciparum malaria resulting from either soil-transmitted helminth or schistosome infections, unpublished studies from Malawi showing that women infected with hookworm were at higher risk of having malaria than uninfected women, and studies from Thailand showing increased susceptibility to malaria in patients with soil-transmitted helminth infections. In addition to increased susceptibility to malaria, the helminths, especially hookworm and schistosomiasis, exacerbate the anemia caused by malaria. Studies from Kenya show that the anemia from helminths and malaria can build on each other to produce profound reductions in hemoglobin. Shown in Fig. 4 is the geographic overlap between hookworm and malaria, which is extensive.
To make matters worse, many of these same African populations experience further reductions in hemoglobin because of sickle cell disease and thalassemia, as well as nutritional deficits in iron and folate. The severe anemia resulting from helminth polyparasitism and malaria produces several adverse health consequences among three particularly important African subpopulations: children and pregnant women.
In children, chronic anemia is associated with increased child mortality, and impairments in physical growth, cognitive and motor development, immune function, and school performance. Severe anemia is also a major contributor to mortality from malaria.
In pregnancy, anemia is a leading contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, and is associated with shock, risk of cardiac failure, decreased ability to work, and adverse perinatal outcomes. In coastal Kenya, malaria was identified as the most important cause of anemia in primigravidae, whereas hookworm attains increased importance among multigravidae. Therefore, women are put at risk by the major consequences of anemia throughout their childbearing years.
NTDs and Intermittent Preventive Therapy (IPT) for Malaria
The studies outlined above have not been conducted in large African populations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to expand our knowledge base on the interactions between malaria and helminth co-infections by conducting large scale studies in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa with geographic overlap. Furthermore, there is a similar urgency to examine the impact of NTD control on intermittent preventive therapy (IPT) with antimalarials. Multiple recent studies in falciparum malaria endemic regions of have shown that malaria chemoprophylaxis with sulfadoxine-pyrethamine (SP) during childhood or during pregnancy substantially improve health outcomes in both child and maternal populations (Greenwood et al, 2005; Greenwood, 2006).
In children, use of SP or amodioquine at specific times during the first year of life in a program of intermittent preventive therapy in infancy (IPTi) lowers the incidence of malaria and severe anemia without any rebound in clinical malaria the following year (Greenwood et al, 2005). In addition, in Senegal and Mali, where malaria is seasonal and affects older children, IPT in children (IPTc) during short transmission seasons is also highly effective (Greenwood et al, 2005; Greenwood, 2006).
School-aged children are an important yet understudied population in terms of the health impact of malaria, with some studies indicating that up to 50% of African school-aged children experience an attack of clinical malaria each year (Clarke et al, 2004), and up to 20% of the mortality from malaria occurs in school-aged children (Bundy et al, 2000). Like helminth infections, malaria also adversely affects cognition and education (Brooker et al, 2000; Fernando et al, 2003). In pregnancy, IPT (IPTp) protects against maternal anemia and low birthweight, especially in primigravidae and secundigravidae (Greenwood et al, 2005).
The importance of helminth co-infections in exacerbating malaria in older children (beyond infancy) and in pregnancy, together with evidence that IPT in older children and in pregnant women will greatly reduce morbidity from malaria, suggests that there are multiple opportunities to link NTD control with malaria control. Specifically, studies are needed to:
1. Examine the impact of NTD control with the rapid impact package in older children who are receiving IPTc, particularly in areas with seasonal malaria transmission, and
2. Examine the impact of NTD control with the rapid impact package in pregnant women during their second and third trimester, while they are receiving IPTp.
Among the outcomes to be examined in the IPTc-NTD studies would be health impacts on number of- and clinical severity of malaria attacks, worm burden (fecal egg counts), anemia, and nutritional parameters including weight and height. Cognition and educational studies should also be carried out. Similar outcomes would be examined in the IPTp-NTD studies, additionally studies to examine the health impact on prematurity and birthweight should also be carried out.
Africa Maps: Geographic Overlap of Hookworm and Malaria.
Of the estimated 179 million school-aged children living in Sub-Saharan Africa, there are approximately 50 million children with hookworm and 32 million children with both hookworm and falciparum malaria.
Upper left: estimated prevalence of hookworm
Upper right: risk of falciparum malaria
Lower left: overlay of hookworm and falciparum malaria
(Simon Brooker, unpublished).
NTDs and HIV/AIDS
Another body of evidence links helminth coinfections with increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS or worsening the progression of HIV disease (Fincham et al, 2003). It has been postulated that chronic helminth infections increase the risk of HIV infection, with increased HIV plasma viral load, greater diminution of host T cells, and increased risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in pregnant women (Fincham et al, 2005; Gallagher et al, 2005).
NTDS AND ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART)
Like the existing malaria and helminth co-infection studies, the studies examining the relationship between helminths and HIV/AIDS are similarly of small scale. Therefore, there needs to be large scale studies examining the impact of deworming, administration of the rapid impact package, and other NTD control measures on the clinical course of HIV/AIDS, particularly among adolescents, young adults, and pregnant women.
Among the outcomes to be examined in the ART-NTD studies would be health impacts on host viral load, T cell counts, worm burden (fecal egg counts), and anemia (anemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the downward spiral of HIV/AIDS [Hotez et al, 2006b]). Among pregnant women, similar outcomes should be examined but in addition studies to examine the rates of vertical transmission of HIV should be conducted, as well as the health impact on prematurity and birthweight.
The results of the studies in have the potential to profoundly influence health policy and major G8 and U.S. funding initiatives including The Global Fund, PEPFAR, and the President’s Malaria Initiative.
An increasing body of evidence indicates that co-infection with the NTDs adversely affects the natural history and progression of malaria and HIV/AIDS (reviewed by Hotez et al, 2006b).
NTDs and Malaria
Several studies (reviewed by Druilhe et al, 2005) point to the increasing severity of clinical malaria that result from helminth coinfection. These studies include findings from Senegal showing enhanced risk or increased incidence of clinical falciparum malaria resulting from either soil-transmitted helminth or schistosome infections, unpublished studies from Malawi showing that women infected with hookworm were at higher risk of having malaria than uninfected women, and studies from Thailand showing increased susceptibility to malaria in patients with soil-transmitted helminth infections. In addition to increased susceptibility to malaria, the helminths, especially hookworm and schistosomiasis, exacerbate the anemia caused by malaria. Studies from Kenya show that the anemia from helminths and malaria can build on each other to produce profound reductions in hemoglobin. Shown in Fig. 4 is the geographic overlap between hookworm and malaria, which is extensive.
To make matters worse, many of these same African populations experience further reductions in hemoglobin because of sickle cell disease and thalassemia, as well as nutritional deficits in iron and folate. The severe anemia resulting from helminth polyparasitism and malaria produces several adverse health consequences among three particularly important African subpopulations: children and pregnant women.
In children, chronic anemia is associated with increased child mortality, and impairments in physical growth, cognitive and motor development, immune function, and school performance. Severe anemia is also a major contributor to mortality from malaria.
In pregnancy, anemia is a leading contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, and is associated with shock, risk of cardiac failure, decreased ability to work, and adverse perinatal outcomes. In coastal Kenya, malaria was identified as the most important cause of anemia in primigravidae, whereas hookworm attains increased importance among multigravidae. Therefore, women are put at risk by the major consequences of anemia throughout their childbearing years.
NTDs and Intermittent Preventive Therapy (IPT) for Malaria
The studies outlined above have not been conducted in large African populations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to expand our knowledge base on the interactions between malaria and helminth co-infections by conducting large scale studies in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa with geographic overlap. Furthermore, there is a similar urgency to examine the impact of NTD control on intermittent preventive therapy (IPT) with antimalarials. Multiple recent studies in falciparum malaria endemic regions of have shown that malaria chemoprophylaxis with sulfadoxine-pyrethamine (SP) during childhood or during pregnancy substantially improve health outcomes in both child and maternal populations (Greenwood et al, 2005; Greenwood, 2006).
In children, use of SP or amodioquine at specific times during the first year of life in a program of intermittent preventive therapy in infancy (IPTi) lowers the incidence of malaria and severe anemia without any rebound in clinical malaria the following year (Greenwood et al, 2005). In addition, in Senegal and Mali, where malaria is seasonal and affects older children, IPT in children (IPTc) during short transmission seasons is also highly effective (Greenwood et al, 2005; Greenwood, 2006).
School-aged children are an important yet understudied population in terms of the health impact of malaria, with some studies indicating that up to 50% of African school-aged children experience an attack of clinical malaria each year (Clarke et al, 2004), and up to 20% of the mortality from malaria occurs in school-aged children (Bundy et al, 2000). Like helminth infections, malaria also adversely affects cognition and education (Brooker et al, 2000; Fernando et al, 2003). In pregnancy, IPT (IPTp) protects against maternal anemia and low birthweight, especially in primigravidae and secundigravidae (Greenwood et al, 2005).
The importance of helminth co-infections in exacerbating malaria in older children (beyond infancy) and in pregnancy, together with evidence that IPT in older children and in pregnant women will greatly reduce morbidity from malaria, suggests that there are multiple opportunities to link NTD control with malaria control. Specifically, studies are needed to:
1. Examine the impact of NTD control with the rapid impact package in older children who are receiving IPTc, particularly in areas with seasonal malaria transmission, and
2. Examine the impact of NTD control with the rapid impact package in pregnant women during their second and third trimester, while they are receiving IPTp.
Among the outcomes to be examined in the IPTc-NTD studies would be health impacts on number of- and clinical severity of malaria attacks, worm burden (fecal egg counts), anemia, and nutritional parameters including weight and height. Cognition and educational studies should also be carried out. Similar outcomes would be examined in the IPTp-NTD studies, additionally studies to examine the health impact on prematurity and birthweight should also be carried out.
Africa Maps: Geographic Overlap of Hookworm and Malaria.
Of the estimated 179 million school-aged children living in Sub-Saharan Africa, there are approximately 50 million children with hookworm and 32 million children with both hookworm and falciparum malaria.
Upper left: estimated prevalence of hookworm
Upper right: risk of falciparum malaria
Lower left: overlay of hookworm and falciparum malaria
(Simon Brooker, unpublished).
NTDs and HIV/AIDS
Another body of evidence links helminth coinfections with increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS or worsening the progression of HIV disease (Fincham et al, 2003). It has been postulated that chronic helminth infections increase the risk of HIV infection, with increased HIV plasma viral load, greater diminution of host T cells, and increased risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in pregnant women (Fincham et al, 2005; Gallagher et al, 2005).
NTDS AND ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART)
Like the existing malaria and helminth co-infection studies, the studies examining the relationship between helminths and HIV/AIDS are similarly of small scale. Therefore, there needs to be large scale studies examining the impact of deworming, administration of the rapid impact package, and other NTD control measures on the clinical course of HIV/AIDS, particularly among adolescents, young adults, and pregnant women.
Among the outcomes to be examined in the ART-NTD studies would be health impacts on host viral load, T cell counts, worm burden (fecal egg counts), and anemia (anemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the downward spiral of HIV/AIDS [Hotez et al, 2006b]). Among pregnant women, similar outcomes should be examined but in addition studies to examine the rates of vertical transmission of HIV should be conducted, as well as the health impact on prematurity and birthweight.
The results of the studies in have the potential to profoundly influence health policy and major G8 and U.S. funding initiatives including The Global Fund, PEPFAR, and the President’s Malaria Initiative.
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